|
The Loughinisland massacre〔O'Brien, Brendan. ''The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin''. Syracuse University Press, 1999. Page 314.〕〔Elliott, Sydney. ''Conflict in Northern Ireland: an encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO, 1999. Page 350.〕〔Sluka, Jeffry. ''Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. Page 141.〕〔Cusack, Jim. ''UVF''. Poolbeg, 1997. Page 317.〕 took place on 18 June 1994 in the small village of Loughinisland, County Down, Northern Ireland. Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a loyalist paramilitary group, burst into a pub with assault rifles and fired on the customers,〔("The UVF's catalogue of atrocities" ). ''BBC News''. 18 June 2009.〕 killing six civilians and wounding five. The pub was targeted because it was frequented mainly by Catholics,〔''The Economist'' newspaper. 25 June 1994. Pages 25-26. "For the 24 fans gathered in Heights Bar in the quiet village of Loughinisland in County Down, the cheering was followed by carnage. Two men walked into the pub and sprayed the room with bullets, killing six and wounding five, and then fled laughing. The Ulster Volunteer Force, a Protestant terrorist group, later claimed it had carried out the attack. It chose the pub only because it knew that those gathered to support Ireland's team would be Catholic".〕 and was crowded with people watching the Republic of Ireland team playing in the 1994 FIFA World Cup.〔 It is thus sometimes called the World Cup massacre.〔Duggan, Keith. ("Six men dead: the World Cup massacre" ). The Irish Times. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.〕〔("Six shot dead in Ulster World Cup massacre" ). The Independent. 19 June 1994.〕〔("1994 World Cup massacre of Irish fans by Loyalists will be major ESPN movie" ). IrishCentral. 12 January 2014.〕 The attack was claimed as retaliation for the killing of three UVF members by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). Allegations persist that police (Royal Ulster Constabulary) double agents or informers were linked to the massacre and that police protected those informers by destroying evidence and failing to carry out a proper investigation.〔("RUC informers 'knew about Loughinisland shootings'" ). ''The Observer''. 13 September 2009.〕 At the request of the victims' families, the Police Ombudsman investigated the police. The Ombudsman concluded that there were major failings in the police investigation, but no evidence that police colluded with the UVF. However, the Ombudsman did not investigate the role of informers and the report was branded a whitewash. Ombudsman investigators demanded to be disassociated from the report because their original findings "were dramatically altered without reason", and they believed key intelligence had been deliberately withheld from them. This led to the report being quashed, the Ombudsman being replaced and a new inquiry ordered.〔("Loughinisland massacre: Court quashes Police Ombudsman report" ). BBC News, 20 December 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.〕 ==Background== The UVF's goal was to combat Irish republicanism – particularly the Provisional IRA – and maintain Northern Ireland's status as part of the United Kingdom.〔''Country Reports on Terrorism: 2004''. State Department, Office of the Coordinator for Conterterrorism. p.128〕 However, most of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, who were often killed at random. Whenever it claimed responsibility for attacks, the UVF usually claimed that those targeted were IRA members or were helping the IRA.〔Kentucky New Era, 14 April 1992〕 Other times, attacks on Catholic civilians were claimed as "retaliation" for IRA actions, since the IRA draws almost all its support from the Catholic community. Since the mid 1960s the UVF had carried out many gun and bomb attacks on Catholic-owned pubs and there had been many incidents of collusion between the UVF and members of the state security forces. During the early 1990s, loyalists drastically increased their attacks on Catholics and Irish nationalists and – for the first time since the conflict began – were responsible for more deaths than republicans or the security forces.〔("Johnny Adair: Feared Loyalist Leader" ), BBC News, 6 July 2000. Retrieved on 27 February 2007.〕 On 16 June 1994, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) shot dead three UVF members – Trevor King, Colin Craig and David Hamilton – on the Shankill Road in Belfast. The following day, the UVF launched two 'retaliatory' attacks. In the first, UVF members shot dead a Catholic civilian taxi driver in Carrickfergus.〔 In the second, they shot dead two Protestant civilians in Newtownabbey, whom they believed were Catholics.〔 The Loughinisland shootings, a day later, are believed to have been further retaliation.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Loughinisland massacre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|